The concept of a logical address space that is bound to a separate physical address space is central to proper memory management. Logical address generated by the CPU; also referred to as virtual address. Physical address address seen by the... Read More

Recall that paging is implemented by breaking up an address into a page and offset number. It is most efficient to break the address into X page bits and Y offset bits, rather than perform arithmetic on the address to calculate the page number and... Read More

To workout the total virtual memory (page file) required for windows XP you should take the amount of ram in the system and + 25% (512MB + 25% (128MB) = 640MB total virtual memory. by setting both the min and max to 640MB you can increase the... Read More

Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC *Schema NC, *Configuration NC, * Domain NC Schema NC This NC is replicated to every other domain controller in the forest. It contains information about the Active Directory schema, which in... Read More

Boot from windows xp cd and go to recovery console mode give the administrator password c:windows> prompt will come come out from windows with the help of command c:windows>cd .. c:> go to cd prompt d: d:>cd i386 d:i386>... Read More

Microsoft released the Group Policy Management Console (GPMC) years ago, which is an amazing innovation in Group Policy management. The tool provides control over Group Policy in the following manner: ► Easy administration of all GPOs across the... Read More

A mutex object is a synchronization object whose state is set to signaled when it is not owned by any thread, and non-signaled when it is owned. For example, to prevent two threads from writing to shared memory at the same time, each thread waits... Read More

Semiconductor memories are of two types: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read only memory). RAM is a read/write memory. Information can be written into and read from a RAM. It is volatile memory. It stores information so long as power supply is... Read More

► Amoeba ► WinNT ► Minix Read More

Synchronization object s are use to co-ordinate the execution of multiple threads. Which kernel objects are use for Thread Synchronization on different processes? - Event, Mutex, Semaphore Read More

Processor: A processor is the part a computer system that executes instructions .It is also called a CPU Assembler: An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer&... Read More

The thread library function performs the following actions to context switch between user level threads Copy all live registers to Thread control Block (TCB) Restore the state of the thread to run next i.e (copy the values of live registers from (TCB... Read More

Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available. 32 :: What is a Safe... Read More

Main memory: only large storage media that the CPU can access directly. Secondary storage: extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity. Read More

Application Directory Partition is a partition space in Active Directory which an application can use to store that application specific data. This partition is then replicated only to some specific domain controllers. The application directory... Read More

Each kernel object is simply a memory block allocated by the kernel and is accessible only by the kernel. This memory block is a data structure whose members maintain information about the object. Some members ( security descriptor, usage count, and... Read More

Kernel object data structures are accessible only by the kernel. Read More

Kernel objects are owned by the kernel, not by a process Read More

The easiest way to determine whether an object is a kernel object is to examine the function that creates the object. Almost all functions that create kernel objects have a parameter that allows you to specify security attribute information. Read More

HANDLE CreateThread(?),HANDLE CreateFile(..),HANDLE CreateFileMapping(..)HANDLE CreateSemaphore(..)etcAll functions that create kernel objects return process-relative handles that can be used successfully by any and all threads that are running in... Read More

It is possible for a process to leak resources (such as kernel objects) while the process runs. However, when the process terminates, the operating system ensures that any and all resources used by the process are freed?this is guaranteed. For kernel... Read More

The operating system creates the new child process but does not allow the child process to begin executing its code right away. Of course, the system creates a new, empty process handle table for the child process just as it would for any new... Read More

WEB EDITION: To position windows server 2003 more competitively against other web servers, Microsoft has released a stripped-down-yet-impressive edition of windows server 2003 designed specially for web services. the feature set and licensing allows... Read More

Using ntdsutil. exe command,we can restored the AD objects. Read More

physical structure: Forest, Site, Domain, DC logical structure: Schema partition, configuration partition, domain partition and application partition Read More

Some third party software are available for this function or reinstall this system Read More

An event is in signaled state means that it has the capacity to release the threads waiting for this event to be signaled. An event is in non signaled state means that it will not release any thread that is waiting for this particular event.example... Read More

Threads in other processes can open a handle to an existing named mutex object by specifying its name in a call to theOpenMutex - function. Any thread with a handle to a mutex object can use one of the wait functions to request ownership of the mutex... Read More

With in a Site, a Windows server 2003 service known as the KCC automatically generates a topology for replication among the domain controllers in the domain using a ring structure.Th Kcc is a built in process that runs on all domain controllers. ... Read More

The number of days before a deleted object is removed from the directory services. This assists in removing objects from replicated servers and preventing restores from reintroducing a deleted object. This value is in the Directory Service object... Read More

Backing up Active Directory is essential to maintain an Active Directory database. You can back up Active Directory by using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and command-line tools that the Windows Server 2003 family provides. You frequently... Read More

To apply the settings of a GPO to the users and computers of a domain, site, or OU, you need to add a link to that GPO. You can add one or more GPO links to each domain, site, or OU by using GPMC. Keep in mind that creating and linking GPOs is a... Read More

The GPO settings is divided between the Computer settings and the User settings. In both parts of the GPO you can clearly see a large section called Administrative Templates. Administrative Templates are a large repository of registry-based... Read More

A single process can have multiple threads that share global data and address space with other threads running in the same process, and therefore can operate on the same data set easily. Processes do not share address space and a different... Read More

INODE is a pointer to a block on the disk and it is unique. Inode is an unique number. Inode holds metadata of files. Read More

Virtual memory like as a temporary storage area.It consists of page table.In this pages are divided into frames.It is a continuous memory allocation.It is also called logical memory. Read More

Preemptive multitask Read More

A hardware or software flag. In multitasking systems, a semaphore is a variable with a value that indicates the status of a common resource. Its used to lock the resource that is being used. A process needing the resource checks the... Read More

Multi programming: Multiprogramming is the technique of running several programs at a time using timesharing. It allows a computer to do several things at the same time. Multiprogramming creates logical parallelism. The concept of multiprogramming... Read More

WINDOWS PROGRAMING Interview Questions and Answers,WINDOWS PROGRAMING Faqs,WINDOWS PROGRAMING Interview FAQs and sharp point Books,WINDOWS PROGRAMING terview ebook,WINDOWS PROGRAMING echnical Questions,WINDOWS PROGRAMING Quiz,WINDOWS PROGRAMING... Read More

Process system time (turn around time) = process cpu time + process waiting time Read More

Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously. Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource. Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other... Read More

For the conventional time ?shared processes, Linux uses a prioritized, credit-based algorithm. Each process possesses a certain number of scheduling credits; when a new task must be chosen to run, the process with most credits is selected. Every time... Read More

It is called light weight process to emphasize the fact that a thread is like a process but is more efficient and uses fewer resources( n hence "lighter")and they also share the address space. Read More

Demand Paging: Demand paging is the paging policy that a page is not read into memory until it is requested, that is, until there is a page fault on the page. Page fault interrupt: A page fault interrupt occurs when a memory reference is made to a... Read More

A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it... Read More

Question : What is active directory? How it works? What is dns? How it works? What is dhcp? How it works? What is ias? How it works         Answers: Active is a centralize directory database it's provide... Read More

Main component of operating system are kernel and shell. Shell is a interface between application program and kernel whenever application program wants some work to be done It contacts kernel and kernel inturn perform work with the help of device... Read More

Unix and Windows use completely different paradigms for run-time loading of code. Before you try to build a module that can be dynamically loaded, be aware of how your system works. In Unix, a shared object (.so) file contains code to be used by... Read More

► When, and how often, to invoke depends on: How often a deadlock is likely to occur? How many processes will need to be rolled back? ► If detection algorithm is invoked arbitrarily, there may be many cycles in the resource graph and so we... Read More

► Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. ► CPU scheduling decisions may take place when a process: 1.Switches from running to waiting state. 2.Switches from running to... Read More

► Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines. ► Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction. ►... Read More

Deadlock is a situation where a group of processes are all blocked and none of them can become unblocked until one of the other becomes unblocked. The simplest deadlock is two processes each of which is waiting for a message from the other. Read More

Scheduling is the activity of the deciding when process will receive the resources they request. FCFS: FCSFS stands for First Come First Served. In FCFS the job that has been waiting the longest is served next. Round Robin Scheduling: Round... Read More

A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a certain time period. A real time operating system is an operating system that can run real time processes successfully Read More

A microcontroller is by definition a is a computer on a chip. It includes all the necessary parts (including the memory) all in one IC. You just need to apply the power (and possibly clock signal) to that device and it starts executing the... Read More

Several types of kernel objects, such as access token objects, event objects, file objects, file-mapping objects, I/O completion port objects, job objects, mailslot objects, mutex objects, pipe objects, process objects, semaphore objects, thread... Read More

The answer is that Windows offers a set of functions that manipulate these structures in well-defined ways. These kernel objects are always accessible via these functions. When you call a function that creates a kernel object, the function returns a... Read More

Answers: If your process calls a function that creates a kernel object and then your process terminates, the kernel object is not necessarily destroyed. Under most circumstances, the object will be destroyed; but if another process is using the... Read More

The usage count is one of the data members common to all kernel object types Read More

When a process is initialized, the system allocates a handle table for it. This handle table is used only for kernel objects, not for User objects or GDI objects. When a process first initializes, its handle table is empty. Then when a thread in the... Read More

Handle value is actually the index into the process?s handle table that identifies where the kernel object?s information is stored. Read More

Whenever you call a function that accepts a kernel object handle as an argument, you pass the value returned by one of the Create* functions. Internally, the function looks in your process?s handle table to get the address of the kernel object you... Read More

This function first checks the calling process?s handle table to ensure that the index (handle) passed to it identifies an object that the process does in fact have access to. If the index is valid, the system gets the address of the kernel object?s... Read More

The most important reason was robustness. If kernel object handles were system-wide values, one process could easily obtain the handle to an object that another process was using and wreak havoc on that process. Another reason for process-relative... Read More

It means that the handle value that identifies a kernel object is identical in both the parent and the child processes. Read More

The system increments the usage count of the kernel object because two processes are now using the object. For the kernel object to be destroyed, both the parent process and the child process must either call CloseHandle on the object or terminate. Read More

Method available for sharing kernel objects across process boundaries is to name the objects. Below are the kernel named objects: 1) mutex, 2) Events, 3) semaphore, 4) waitableTimers, 5)file mapping, 6)job object. There are APIs to create... Read More

When you are creating the kernel objects with the help of API?s like CreateMutex(, , , ,pzname). And the Pzname parameter is NULL , you are indicating to the system that you want to create an unnamed (anonymous) kernel object. When you create an... Read More

Takes an entry in one process?s handle table and makes a copy of the entry into another process?s handle table Read More

A thread describes a path of execution within a process. Every time a process is initialized, the system creates a primary thread. This thread begins executing with the C/C++ run-time library?s startup code, which in turn calls your entry-point... Read More

The number of threads a process can create is limited by the available virtual memory and depends on the default stack size Read More

Event is the thread synchronization object to set signaled state or non-signaled state. Read More

A thread uses the CreateMutex function to create a mutex object. The creating thread can request immediate ownership of the mutex object and can also specify a name for the mutex object Read More

LDAP, Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is an Internet protocol that email and other programs use to look up information from a server. Read More

You can?t restore Active Directory (AD) to a domain controller (DC) while the Directory Service (DS) is running. To restore AD, perform the following steps. Reboot the computer. The computer will boot into a special safe mode and won?t start... Read More

GPOs store group policy settings in two locations: a Group Policy container (GPC) (preferred) and a Group Policy template (GPT). The GPC is an Active Directory object that stores version information, status information, and other policy information ... Read More

A mutual exclusion object, or MUTEX, is an object created for use in computer programs. The essential function of MUTEX is to make it possible for a multiple program thread to make use of a single resource. Generally, the functionality of mutual... Read More

Process Termination: ->Abort all deadlocked processes. ->Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated. ->In which order should we choose to abort? Priority of the process. How long process has computed, and how... Read More

Address binding of instructions and data to memory addresses can happen at three different stages Compile time: If memory location known a priori, absolute code can be generated; must recompile code if starting location changes. Load time: Must... Read More

Micro-Kernel: A micro-kernel is a minimal operating system that performs only the essential functions of an operating system. All other operating system functions are performed by system processes. Monolithic: A monolithic operating system is one... Read More

An interpreter reads one instruction at a time and carries out the actions implied by that instruction. It does not perform any translation. But a compiler translates the entire instructions. Read More

Thrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages required by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault. The system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of CPU utilization as compared to the level of... Read More

Give a non-computer example of preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling? Read More

Starvation: Starvation is a resource management problem where a process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes. Aging: Aging is a technique to avoid starvation in a ... Read More

Virtual memory is double of RAM.As per question RAM is 128MB.so virtual memory is 256MB. Read More

Segments can be of different lengths, so it is harder to find a place for a segment in memory than a page. With segmented virtual memory, we get the benefits of virtual memory but we still have to do dynamic storage allocation of physical memory.... Read More

Both Windows XP and 2000 come in different flavors like for XP u have Home,professional and Enterprise Edition. With 2000 u have professional,Server/s as it professional is more like client pc in Client server Architecture can also be used for... Read More

An address on a paging system is a logical page number and an offset. The physical page is found by searching a table based on the logical page number to produce a physical page number. Because the operating system controls the contents of this table... Read More

Dynamic Loading: ► Routine is not loaded until it is called ► Better memory-space utilization; unused routine is never loaded. ► Useful when large amounts of code are needed to handle infrequently occurring cases. ► No special support... Read More

Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler; this involves: Switching context Switching to user mode Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program Dispatch latency ?... Read More

Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work... Read More

The purpose of the lexical analyzer is to partition the input text, delivering a sequence of comments and basic symbols. Comments are character sequences to be ignored, while basic symbols are character sequences that correspond to terminal symbols... Read More

THere is two solutions: 1. Restore from last back. 2. User Recycler folder. Start-->RUN-->type c:recycler --> type FTYPE Read More

A real time operating system has well defined fixed time constraints. Process must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail. An example is the operating system for a flight control computer or an advanced jet airplane. Often... Read More

Specification of the task Design of algorithms Implementation (coding) Testing and debugging Maintenance and evolution of the system Obsolescence Read More

Waiting state Read More

The Sysvol folder on a Windows domain controller is used to replicate file-based data among domain controllers. Because junctions are used within the Sysvol folder structure, Windows NT file system (NTFS) version 5.0 is required on domain... Read More

Group Policy gives you administrative control over users and computers in your network. By using Group Policy, you can define the state of a user's work environment once, and then rely on Windows Server 2003 to continually force the Group Policy... Read More

Group Policy settings are processed in the following order: 1:- Local Group Policy object-each computer has exactly one Group Policy object that is stored locally. This processes for both computer and user Group Policy processing. 2:- Site-Any... Read More

Distribute the computation among several physical processors. Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local memory; processors communicate with one another through various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone... Read More

diskcopy Java Thread States Read More

TASK : A Particular Work to be Done is known as TASK PROCESS : one or more PROCESS will be required to complete a task. Read More