TCP/IP is a name given to the collection (or suite) of networking protocols that have been used to construct the global Internet. The protocols are also referred to as the DoD (dee-oh-dee) or Arpanet protocol suite because their early... Read More

OSI model is a reference model containing 7 layers such as physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer and application layer. Read More

Network layer. Read More

ftp(data) = 20 and ftp=21 Read More

  socket is an abstraction that represents an endpoint of communication. Most applications that consciously use TCP and UDP do so by creating a socket of the appropriate type and then performing a series of operations on that socket. The... Read More

Detecting crashed systems over TCP/IP is difficult. TCP doesn't require any transmission over a connection if the application isn't sending anything, and many of the media over which TCP/IP is used (e.g. Ethernet) don't provide a... Read More

Layer 4 Read More

A local area network ( LAN) is a computer network covering a small physical area, like a home, office, or small group of buildings, such as a school, or an airport. Lan stands for local area network.A number of systems conneted in a physical... Read More

* Logical addressing * Best effort delivery Read More

All of the protocols in the TCP/IP suite are defined by documents called Requests For Comments ( RFC's). An important difference between TCP/IP RFC's and other (say, IEEE or ITU) networking standards is that RFC's are freely... Read More

TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. It has five layers. They are: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer. Read More

All of them are devices and are used in network. Their differences are: * Router: Layer 3 device, can work on physical, data and network layer. * Switch: Layer 2 device, can work on data link layer * Bridge: Layer 2 device, can work on data link... Read More

* Flow control: adjust and confirm data flow rate for successful transmission. * Error Control: a way to recover corrupted data . Read More

5 layers: Network layer, Internet layer, Transport layer and Application layer. Read More

By using " Telnet" Read More

TCP is a connection-oriented and UDP is a connection-less protocol Read More

Internet Protocol (IP) is the central, unifying protocol in the TCP/IP suite. It provides the basic delivery mechanism for packets of data sent between all systems on an internet, regardless of whether the systems are in the same room or on... Read More

Segment Read More

* TCP: Connection oriented protocol, acknowledged one, Point to point communication. * UDP: Connection less protocol, unreliable, less traffic Read More

LAN cards Read More

A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single... Read More

WAN-Wide Area Network.....many MANS are joined to form a WAN.It carry voice,data &speech efficiently through very long distances...may be through out the country.The most Common & readily understandable example is INTERNET Read More

If TCP/IP Protocol suite is not their for communication then NETBIOS or NETBEUI can be use for small LANs for data communication this protocols can't be used on Wide area network because this protocols are Non-Rountable. Read More

Yes, lots of them, far too many to list here. Uri Raz maintains a TCP/IP bibliography (the "TCP/IP Resources List") that is posted to the comp.protocols.tcp-ip newsgroup on a monthly basis. It is available on the Web at <http://www.qnx.com/... Read More

They are really two different technologies. IPSec secures the TCP/IP communication and protects the integrity of the packets. Certificate-based security ensures the validity of authenticated clients and servers. Read More

IPsec stands for "IP Security". The IPsec working group of the IETF is developing standards for cryptographic authentication and for encryption within IP. The base specifications are defined in RFC's 1825, 1826 and 1827. Products that... Read More

TCP includes several mechanisms that attempt to sustain good data transfer rates while avoiding placing excessive load on the network. TCP's "Slow Start", "Congestion Avoidance", "Fast Retransmit" and "Fast Recovery" algorithms are summarised... Read More

You shouldn't use IP addresses that have been assigned to some other organisation, because if knowledge of your network ever gets leaked onto the Internet they may disrupt that innocent organisation's activity. RFC 1918 provides a... Read More

Transport layer is responsible to end to end Read More

The IANA allocates and keeps track of all kinds of arbitrary numbers used by TCP/IP, including well-known port numbers. The entire collection is published periodically in an RFC called the Assigned Numbers RFC, each of which supersedes the... Read More

Question : Can I set up a gateway to the Internet that translates IP addresses, so that I don't have to change all our internal addresses to an official network?       Answers: This is called Network Address... Read More

DNS uses both TCP or UDP or both. UDP can handle only 512bytes. If data size is withing 512 bytes UDP is used, otherwise, TCP is used. Read More

IP really isn't very fussy about how its packets are transported. The details of how an IP packet is carried over a particular kind of network are usually chosen to be convenient for the network itself. As long as the transmitter and receiver... Read More

IP itself does not guarantee to deliver data correctly. It leaves all issues of data protection to the transport protocol. Both TCP and UDP have mechanisms that guarantee that the data they deliver to an application is correct. Read More

Each application running over TCP or UDP distinguishes itself from other applications using the service by reserving and using a 16-bit portnumber. Destination and source port numbers are placed in the UDP and TCP headers by the originator of... Read More

This varies by operating system. There is a program that works on many Unices (though not Linux or Solaris), called netconfig, that allows one to do this and documents many of the variables. Read More

You can get a quick approximation by timing how long it takes to FTP or RCP a large file over the link, but bear in mind that that measurement will be skewed by the time spent in dealing with the local and remote filesystems, not simply with the... Read More

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the hardware address or MAC address when IP address is known. Read More

To communicate several networks, routers are used. Routers have both broadcast domain and collision domain. Read More

RARP stands for Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. It helps to find the IP address when physical or hardware or MAC address is known. Read More

 OSI stands for = Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model * TCP/IP stands for = Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol Read More

mportant differences are: OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model. OSI has 7 layers whereas TCP/IP has only 4 layers The upper 3 layers of the OSI model is combined on the TCP/IP model. OSI has: physical layer,... Read More

Normal switch operates at Layer 2 i.e. data link layer and Intelligent switch operates at Layer 3 i.e. network layer. Read More

Application layer. Read More

DNS, FTP, Telnet, http Read More

ARP sents the request in broadcast, response is unicast Read More

MAC sublayer and LLC sublayer Read More

IP layer PDU is "packet". So, data is send as packet. Read More

Segment" is a PDU (Protocol Data Unit) of Transport layer of OSI model. Read More

In fact, Data Link layer has 2 sublayes: MAC sublayer & LLC sublayer. * MAC sublayer(802.3): defines how to transmit data on physical layer * LLC sublayer(802.2): responsible for identifying different protocol logically & encapsulate them... Read More

PDU for Network Layer is: "Packet" and PDU for Data Link Layer is :"Frame" Read More

Upper layer i.e. Application layer is closer to the user. Read More

Forward lookup is: name-to-address, * Reverse lookup is: address-to-name. Read More

By using acknowledgement. Read More

* 2 sub-divided groups: MAC Layer and LLC layer * MAC: Media Access Control/Medium Access Control * LLC: Logical Link Control Read More

Telnet = 23 and DNS = 53 Read More