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Title: Backup_And_Restore_In_Vista

Title: Backup_And_Restore_In_Vista Description: History of computing hardware An electronic machine that can be programmed to accept data (input), and process it into useful information (output). Data is put in secondary storage for safekeeping or later use. The processing of input into output is directed by the software, but performed by the hardware. Input devices accept data or commands in a form useable by computers. Data and commands can also be sent to the processing unit; e.g., keyboards, mice, scanners, microphone, digital camera. Output devices display the processed information understandably and usefully; e.g. printers, monitors, speakers. Processing devices are contained in a computers system unit and are comprised of circuitry. The main circuit board is the motherboard, with its central processing unit (CPU) and memory. Storage devices include secondary storage for data and programs outside the computers processing unit; e.g. hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, Zip drives, CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD-ROM drives. Drives read from and write to storage media (the physical material that can store data and programs). Communication devices provide connections between computers and communication networks, allowing for exchange of information and data with other computers via transmission media such as cables, telephone lines and satellites. The history of computing hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. The elements of computing hardware have undergone significant improvement over their history. This improvement has triggered worldwide use of the technology, performance has improved and the price has declined. Computers are accessible to ever-increasing sectors of the world's population. Computing hardware has become a platform for uses other than computation, such as automation, communication, control, entertainment, and education. Each field in turn has imposed its own requirements on the hardware, which has evolved in response to those requirements The von Neumann architecture unifies our current computing hardware implementations.] Since digital computers rely on digital storage, and tend to be limited by the size and speed of memory, the history of computer data storage is tied to the development of computers. The major elements of computing hardware implement abstractions: input, output, memory, and processor. A processor is composed of control and datapath.[ In the von Neumann architecture, control of the datapath is stored in memory. This allowed control to become an automatic process; the datapath could be under software control, perhaps in response to events. Beginning with mechanical datapaths such as the abacus and astrolabe, the hardware first started using analogs for a computation, including water and even air as the analog quantities: analog computers have used lengths, pressures, voltages, and currents to represent the results of calculations. Eventually the voltages or currents were standardized, and then digitized. Digital computing elements have ranged from mechanical gears, to electromechanical relays, to vacuum tubes, to transistors, and to integrated circuits, all of which are currently implementing the von Neumann architecture. Before computer hardware The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations Earliest hardware Main article: Calculator Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, using one-to-one correspondence with our fingers. The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in containers. The abacus was used for arithmetic tasks. The Roman abacus was used in Babylonia as early as 2400 BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval counting house, a checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according to certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money (this is the origin of "Exchequer" as a term for a nation's treasury). The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.[18] It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer traveling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour,[19][20] and five robotic musicians who play music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year. Download Hardware Paper Presentation