Take a smiths counter with 3 f/f's that is to say with 6 states(2*3) now double the i/p clock frequency to the counter the o/p of the 3rd f/f is divide by 6 of the i/p with 50% duty cycle so effectively u got divide by 3 freq with 50% duty cycle Read More

The Transmission-Gate's input is connected to the D_LATCH data input (D), the control input to the Transmission-Gate is connected to the D_LATCH enable input (EN) and the Transmission-Gate output is the D_LATCH output (Q) Read More

Suppose your flip- flop is positive edge triggered. time for which data should be stable prior to positive edge clock is called setup time constraint . Time for which data should be stable after the positive edge of clock is called as hold time... Read More

RISC-Means Reduced Instruction Set Computer.a Risc system has reduced number of instructions and more importantly it is load store architecture were pipelining can be implemented easily.Eg.ATMEL AVR CISC-Means Complex instruction set architecure.A... Read More

XOR each bits of A with B (for eg A[0] xor B[0] ) and so on. the o/p of 8 xor gates are then given as i/p to an 8-i/p nor gate. if o/p is 1 then A=B. Read More

Use the concept of register-retiming. divide the total combinatorial delay in two segments such that individually the delay is less the clock period. this can be done by inserting a flip-flop in the combinational path. e.g, clock period --- 5 ns... Read More

Adders are generally of five types: 1) Ripple Carry Adder: The Ripple carry adder(RCA) consists of a building block named Half Adder(HA) which is cascaded to form a Full Adder(FA). These building blocks HAs and FAs are also the building blocks of... Read More

Waterfall model:- Waterfall approach was first Process Model to be introduced and followed widely in Software Engineering to ensure success of the project. In "The Waterfall" approach, the whole process of software development is divided into... Read More

One way is shorting the two inputs of the NAND gate and passing the input. truth table: A B output 1 1 0 0 0 1 The second way is passing the input to only one input(say A) of the NAND gate.Since the other input(say B) is floating, it is always... Read More

DOS is not a RTOS ( real time Operating system), however MS DOS can be used with certain APIs to achieve the RTOS functionality. For example, the RT Kernel (Real Time Kernel) which can be used with MS DOs to achieve the RTOS functionality. Other... Read More

Sequence detector : A sequence detector gives an output of 1 on detecting the given sequence else the output is zero. Ex : if the given sequence to be detected is 111 and input stream is 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 the output should be 0 0 0 0 0... Read More

A doubly linked list of the process control blocks. Read More

A shell is a program that presents an interface to various operating system functions and services. The shell is so called because it is an outer layer of interface between the user and the innards of the operating system (the kernel). Kernel is the... Read More

Binary Search: Search a sorted array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half. Begin with an interval covering the whole array. If the value of the search key is less than the item in the middle of the interval, narrow the interval to the... Read More

A Turing machine is a theoretical computing machine invented by Alan Turing (1937) to serve as an idealized model for mathematical calculation. A Turing machine consists of a line of cells known as a "tape" that can be moved back and forth, an... Read More

A real time system is a computer system that updates the information at the same rate it receives it. It is of two types, hard real time system and a soft real time system. Read More

It is a model of behavior composed of a finite number of states, transitions between those states, and actions. Read More

In terms of software:- Testing:- testing is the process used to measure the quality of developed computer software. Usually, quality is constrained to such topics as correctness, completeness, security, but can also include more technical... Read More

This is the code for any bit compiler... #define TESTBIT 1 /*always better to represent like this instead of the code written above.... or place a constant before test bit so that no changes can be made....*/ int no_of_1s=0; for(i=0... Read More

You can divide the frequency of a clock by just implementing T Flip flop. Give clock as clock input and tie the T input to logic 1. Read More

Real-time operating systems are: QNX, LynxOS, OS-9, Intergrity, Katix, Fusion, IRIX, DeltaOS, eCos, AMX, CMX-RTX, INTime, PDOS and many others. Read More

TRUTH TABLE FOR HALF ADDER: A B SUM CARRY 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 IMPLEMENTATION: For SUM, The two inputs A and B are given to XOR gate. For Carry, The two inputs A and B are given to AND gate Read More